Inner Mongolia and more comprehensive recycling non-ferrous metal mining factors and Solutions
Liu Yongmao Liu Jianmin Su Lina
Abstract: Through the comprehensive research and analysis of the typical non-ferrous polymetallic ore and beneficiation process in Inner Mongolia, the main factors affecting the comprehensive recovery of polymetallics are identified, and different methods and processes are used to eliminate or mitigate the adverse effects of these factors. In order to achieve better mineral processing indicators.
Key words: colored polymetallic ore; comprehensive recovery; influencing factors; solution
CLC number: TD925.9    Document identification code: A
  
Inner Mongolia non-ferrous metal mineral resources are very rich, with a wide geographical distribution, complex ore nature, a wide variety of metals, low metal content, mostly refractory ore, and comprehensive recycling is difficult. Effect selected from another angle, by various impurity elements contained in the ore (ore various types of principal component analysis results shown in Table 1) can be divided into the following types: (1) high carbon type: Lead zinc ores containing mainly carbon. South lead-zinc ore belt Baiyinnuoer ore, copper ore Huogeqi lead-zinc ore, lead-zinc ore, etc. A raw disk belong to this type. Some ore is produced in carbonaceous slate , and the remaining carbon is commonly found in ore. In the sorting process can be clearly observed in the presence of carbon; (2) high content of arsenic type: Crown Chifeng copper lead-zinc ore, lead-zinc ore after BU River, Mani spouting silver tin ore, copper ore silver Chifeng other well All are high arsenic ore. Most of the arsenic is produced in the form of arsenopyrite, and it is closely related to the metal minerals and is severely borne. (3) High-sulfur type: scorpion copper-lead-zinc ore, dailantala lead ore, and other Huoge 乞 lead-zinc ore, Chifeng Guandi copper-lead-zinc ore and Houbuhe lead-zinc ore are also high-sulfur type ores. The above-mentioned various types of ore also have a common feature, that is, the symbiosis between metal minerals is close, the inlaid relationship is complicated, and the particle size of the same kind of mineral is not uniform, and the difference is very different. In addition, various ores are associated with precious metal elements such as gold and silver to varying degrees.
Table 1 Analysis results of main elements of various ores /%
Ore name
C
As
S
Cu
Pb
Zn
Baiyin Nooran ore belt ore
Huogeyu copper mine lead-zinc ore
A Shengpan lead-zinc ore
Chifeng Guandi Copper, Lead and Zinc Ore
Houbuhe lead-zinc ore
Mani Tu Yin Tin Mine
Chifeng Dajing Silver Copper Ore
Hazelnut copper lead-zinc ore
1.72
1.49
4.49
0.15
3.32
1.04
<0.001
<0.001
2.63
2.10
2.84
0.64
0.09
3.63
10.15
20.66
21.12
10.70
6.51
9.91
13.9
<0.01
0.0035
3.73
0.23
1.34
1.46
0.40
2.01
1.39
0.68
6.34
1.34
0.09
0.37
1..88
5.98
1.82
3.42
8.74
6.60
0.36
0.68
3.25
1 Analysis of influencing factors of ore separation
The effective separation of various metal minerals in ore is the premise for the comprehensive utilization of polymetallics, and the characteristics of carbon, arsenic, sulfur and other impurity elements contained in the ore and their similarity with the metal minerals become a variety of effects. The main factor for the effective separation of metal minerals.
1.1 Carbon impact
The inclusion of carbon or ore bodies in the ore body in the carbonaceous slate causes the ore to contain carbon. The main impact on flotation is the presence of carbon in the form of graphite and organic carbon ( coal ). This part of carbon has a different proportion in total carbon, but the difference is significant, but the effect on flotation is very obvious. Graphite carbon and Coal has a lamellar structure, which is brittle and brittle. It is extremely easy to grind and even pulverize in the grinding. The fine carbon has special surface properties, in the flotation process, on the one hand, the carbon particle surface. The adsorption of a large amount of flotation agent is preferentially changed, so that the floatability of the carbon particles themselves changes, and the difference is large, and a large amount of flotation reagent is consumed; on the other hand, the carbon particles are also easily adsorbed to the surface of the metal mineral particles. It affects the selective adsorption of the agent on the surface of the ore particles, thereby confusing the floatability of various minerals, which is what is commonly referred to as the surface of the carbon-contaminated mineral. Secondly, since the ore inevitably contains a certain amount of slime (including ore and mud produced by the grinding process), this part of the slime is easily adsorbed with fine-grained carbon or mud carbon agglomeration occurs. The carbonaceous carbon makes some of the slime have similar behavior to the fine-grained carbon in the slurry, and becomes difficult to disperse and inhibit and enter the foam. For ore containing more mud carbon or accumulating a certain amount of mud carbon during flotation, the flotation process will change, such as the Huoqun lead-zinc ore, which has nearly 20% carbon in the lead selection. Into the coarse concentrate, if no measures are taken, the lead concentrate grade will gradually decrease during the successive selection, and the qualified concentrate cannot be produced. From the flotation phenomenon, in the initial stage of the rough selection operation, the mud carbon preferentially floats, the foam becomes sticky, and then the obvious lead minerals rise. The selection phenomenon is similar, and there are similar situations when zinc is selected, but the degree is different. In addition, there is a big difference in the floatability of carbon itself. When pre-decarburization is adopted, carbon cannot be completely removed, and it cannot be effectively suppressed when carbon is suppressed, which causes carbon to exist throughout the flotation process. In the selection of each stage, it will be adversely affected by carbon, and eventually the various metal minerals cannot be effectively separated.
1.2 The effect of arsenic
Mine ore aforementioned four types of arsenic, the arsenic in the vast majority of arsenopyrite (FeAsS) village form, individual ore containing small amounts of arsenic orthorhombic mineral iron, arsenic and other minerals tennantite. Arsenic in ore is different from harmful carbon as a harmful impurity. Its impact on the flotation process is relatively small, mainly posing a serious threat to the quality grade of concentrate products, and even becomes a foreign product and difficult to sell. Therefore, the separation of arsenic or arsenic from other metal minerals in mineral processing products has become one of the key factors affecting the comprehensive recovery of arsenic-containing polymetallic ore. The separation difficulties of arsenic minerals are mainly manifested in the following aspects: (1) the embedding characteristics of arsenic minerals. In most arsenic-containing ores, the toxic sand is closely symbiotic with other metal sulfide minerals (common relationship is common, or the arsenopyrite is replaced by other metal minerals or replaced by poisonous sand), which makes the toxic sand and other vulcanization during the grinding process. Minerals are more difficult to dissociate completely, resulting in an increased chance of this arsenic-containing continuum entering the foam; (2) the suspensibility of arsenic minerals. Because the floatability of the arsenopyrite is similar to that of other metal sulfide minerals, and the floatability of the arsenopyrite itself is different, although some of the floatable and active arsenic are still present in the case of adding inhibitors. Minerals are difficult to suppress and float into the foam; (3) activation of metal ions in the slurry. Mainly Cu 2+ activation, secondary copper ore produced arsenic adsorbed Cu 2+ mineral surfaces, so that the floating enhancement activity of arsenic is difficult to suppress, in a further flotation, the zinc sulfate added is usually selected from activated The arsenic, which has been inhibited when zinc is activated, is also activated and floats with zinc. The activation of arsenopyrite by Cu 2+ is one of the main reasons for the difficulty of inhibition of arsenopyrite. (4) For ore with high arsenic content, the above factors are almost at the same time, affecting the beneficiation process and fineness to different extents. The grade of the mineral product.
1.3 The effect of sulfur
Among the colored polymetallic ores, sulfur (pyrite and pyrrhotite) is the most common and common metal mineral, which is often high in content and can be recovered as a sulfur concentrate. The presence of a large amount of sulfur causes great difficulties in the processing of polymetallics. The main reasons are: (1) the embedding characteristics of sulfur. Most pyrite or pyrrhotite (the Chifeng Guandi copper-lead-zinc mine and the Huogeyu lead-zinc mine is a pyrrhotite type) are closely symbiotic with other metal minerals, and the mutual metasomatic relationship is more common, along the mineral edge or mineral. Internal cracks are produced by the same, and the difference in particle size is large, it is difficult to completely dissociate during grinding; (2) the difference in the floatability of sulfur, in general, the floatability of sulfur is better, with copper, lead, zinc The sulphide ore is similar in floatability and is not easily separated. At the same time, different ore bodies, or different ore sections of the same ore body, and even the same ore section, the change of sulfur's floatability is also large. This is mainly due to the surface structure of pyrite (or pyrrhotite) caused by the formation of the deposit. Uniform, lattice defects, different impurities, different crystal forms and other factors. In addition, the presence of soluble salts in the ore, especially the produced Cu 2+ , has an activation effect on sulfur, which can make the floatability of sulfur better. During the flotation process, due to the floating of sulfur, a large number of complex intermediates such as Houbuhe lead-zinc mine are produced, and the lead is preferentially floated. The yield of tailed concentrates is up to 10.96%, which is mostly containing sulfur and contains lead. 7.6%, containing 7.92% zinc. Tests have shown that with the accumulation and circulation of medium ore, the flotation process becomes confusing and no qualified lead or zinc concentrate can be obtained. The change of sulfur floatability makes the flotation process of separating sulfur from other metal minerals difficult to control, and at the same time complicates the flotation process and deteriorates the index. (3) Comprehensive recovery of sulfur and associated gold and silver. Lime is the main inhibitor of sulfur. In the separation process of sulfur and multi-metal, a large amount of lime is often added to inhibit sulfur and weaken the adverse effects of metal ions in the slurry. When sulfur is selected, the sulfur that has been inhibited is more difficult to activate. It is usually necessary to add a large amount of sulfuric acid. In addition to accelerating corrosion flotation equipment , acidified pulp also poses a serious hazard to the environment. In addition, non-ferrous metal ores are usually associated with gold, silver and other elements. The high-calcium slurry caused by excess lime is also not conducive to the comprehensive recovery of gold and silver.
1.4 Influence of multi-metal inlay characteristics
In polymetallic ores, copper, lead and zinc minerals are usually symbiotic, and the relationship between them is developed. The embedding is complicated, the particle size of the same kind of mineral is very different, and even some mineral fine particles are separated by solid solution. In minerals, these characteristics make it difficult to dissociate during grinding, which makes the concentrate products contain high and metal loss, so I will not repeat them here.
[next]
2 solution
2.1 Eliminate the effects of carbon
In the treatment of high-carbon lead-zinc ore, the treatment of carbon is very important, because it directly affects the ability to obtain qualified concentrates and metal recovery, and carbon treatment should be based on the difference in carbon floatability. Take a different approach: (1) decarburization, pre-decarburization or intermediate decarburization. Through the simple floatability test, the floatability of carbon can be roughly understood. If the floatability is high, the flotation separation of lead and zinc cannot be carried out, and pre-decarburization must be carried out at a natural pH. Add a small amount of pine oil (or mixed with other non-polar oils, such as diesel oil, kerosene, etc.) to remove it. This part of the easy-floating carbon removal can greatly improve the flotation process and float. Selected indicators. The unfavorable aspect is that in the case of pre-decarburization, inevitably, some of the easily floating lead and zinc minerals also float out, causing loss of lead and zinc metal. If the lead-zinc metal loss is more decarburized before decarburization, and there is no obvious improvement in the flotation index after decarburization, the intermediate decarburization method can be adopted, that is, the zinc and lead carbon mixed selection is suppressed, and the coarse concentrate is generally selected once. After that, the lead carbon is separated by the method of suppressing carbon floating lead or suppressing lead and floating carbon, and the lead concentrate and carbon material are obtained to remove the carbon. The results of the decarburization scheme comparison test are shown in Table 2. For example, the Foxch lead-zinc ore has a lead flotation index that is less than that of the non-decarburization after pre-decarburization. The lead crude concentrate grade and recovery rate are lower than the latter 1.78% and 7.49%, respectively, while intermediate decarburization is used. Can effectively improve the flotation index. It is sometimes necessary to remove the drug during the separation of lead carbon. Whether it is pre-decarburization or intermediate decarburization, the carbon removed is the most easily floating part of carbon, although the amount is not large (usually about 20% of the total carbon), but it can effectively reduce the carbon pairing. Interference, the easy removal of carbon in time, can avoid the accumulation of carbon in the middle of the mine cycle, thereby further worsening the flotation process. For complex ore with high carbon content, it is sometimes necessary to use multi-stage decarburization to completely eliminate the influence of carbon. For example, the A-plated lead-zinc ore uses pre-decarburization, lead-selective decarburization, and sulfur concentration after decarburization. The comprehensive recovery of lead, zinc and sulfur has obtained an ideal flotation index. The test results are shown in Table 3. (2) Carbon suppression, on the one hand, the type of ore that is not ideal for decarburization must be carbon-inhibited; on the other hand, as described above, decarbonization can only remove easily floating carbon, and the rest can be slightly less floating. The carbon remains in the slurry and can be activated and floated when the agent is added. If the presence of carbon is not inhibited and accumulated during the sorting process, the flotation will be extremely adversely affected. Since carbon is always present, carbon inhibition must be carried out throughout the flotation process. For the several types of ore-bearing ore studied in this paper, CMC-1 is a more effective carbon inhibitor, added to all stages of the flotation process, the total amount is 200-400g/t, gradually strengthening inhibition, inhibiting carbon to In the tailings. In addition, the combined inhibitors prepared with water glass and aluminum sulfate have a good inhibitory effect on carbon materials [1] . (3) Adopt a fast flotation method. Decarburization will cause the loss of lead and zinc metal. The use of some lead minerals is good for floatability. Rapid flotation can be used, that is, in neutral medium, under the conditions of appropriate zinc suppression, add traces (sometimes not added). Collector and appropriate amount (usually 30 ~ 40g / t) of pine oil, rapid flotation, can directly lead to carbon-containing lead concentrate, such as Baiyinuoer lead-zinc ore, in the test, flotation 1min under the above conditions Lead concentrate with lead content of 65.18%, zinc content of 3.01% and lead recovery rate of 20.41% can be obtained. The easy-to-float lead is recovered in time, and nearly 10% of carbon is removed at the same time, which significantly reduces the impact of carbon on subsequent operations. . (4) For ore with high carbon content, reduce the flotation slurry concentration and strengthen the dispersion of the slurry to reduce the interference of mud carbon.
Table 2 decarburization scheme comparison test results /%
Ore name
Program
product name
Yield
Grade
Recovery rate
Remarks
Pb
Zn
Pb
Zn
Hodgein lead-zinc ore
Pre-decarburization
carbon
Lead concentrate
3.45
8.28
5.23
9.02
2.60
3.40
12.69
52.54
4.75
14.90
Carbon products contain 7.94% carbon and 16.36% of the market.
No decarburization
Lead concentrate
8.25
10.80
3.04
60.03
13.12
A Shengpan lead-zinc ore
Pre-decarburization
carbon
5.46
1.21
2.86
9.72
4.61
Carbon products contain 21.17% carbon and 22.38% of the market.
No decarburization
Lead selection is not going smoothly
Table 3 Closed test results of various ores /%
Ore name
product
name
Grade
Recovery rate
Remarks
Cu
Pb
Zn
As
Cu
Pb
Zn
Hodgein lead-zinc ore
Lead concentrate
Zinc concentrate
62.97
1.04
2.99
44.09
67.96
2.28
2.35
70.41
Lead decarburization, zinc and carbon suppression, less cyanide combination to suppress sulfur, comprehensive recovery of sulfur
A Shengpan lead-zinc ore
Lead concentrate
Zinc concentrate
55.98
0.67
4.19
43.71
56.31
6.45
0.34
83.14
Pre- and intermediate decarburization, high alkalinity and sulfur suppression, medium ore treatment alone, comprehensive recovery of sulfur
Houbuhe lead-zinc mine
Lead concentrate
Zinc concentrate
63.20
0.49
5.15
50.67
0.60
0.10
78.72
85.82
1.35
0.60
Low cyanide combination agent for suppressing arsenic, sulfur, ethyl sulfide and sulfuric acid, and comprehensive recovery of sulfur and arsenic
Manitou metal mine
Copper concentrate
29.03
0.37
89.30
Combined inhibitor arsenic
Chifeng Dajing Silver Copper Mine
Copper concentrate
21.80
0.27
94.55
Combined inhibitor arsenic
Scorpion lead-zinc mine
Copper concentrate
Lead concentrate
Zinc concentrate
19.24
1.23
0.53
7.67
49.00
0.81
17.69
3.37
46.84
71.79
10.66
7.73
5.58
86.78
2.43
8.09
3.58
83.99
Multi-stage carbon suppression, high alkalinity sulfur suppression, comprehensive recovery of sulfur
2.2 Eliminate the effects of arsenic
In addition to arsenic in the beneficiation stage, it is the fundamental way to comprehensively utilize arsenic-containing polymetallic ore. In the selection of arsenic is the main method to reduce the arsenic content of the product, so the development and selection of selective arsenic inhibitors is the key to the separation of arsenic and polymetallic minerals. Lime, sodium sulfite, sodium humate, etc. are commonly used and effective inhibitors of toxic arsenic minerals, especially lime, which is widely used as a regulator and inhibitor, which not only inhibits arsate, but also It can also eliminate the activation effect of metal ions in the pulp on the arsenopyrite, and there are many examples of successful production and application. The use of combination inhibitors for complex ores is a trend. For example, the Houhe lead-zinc ore mine contains 2.10% arsenic. At the same time, the above three inhibitors are used together with a small amount (less than 20g/t) of sodium cyanide to reduce the arsenic content of lead and zinc concentrates to 0.60% and 0.10 respectively. The ideal level of %. The Chifeng Dajing Silver-Copper Mine adopts the FYS combination inhibitor prepared by our institute to reduce the arsenic content of copper concentrate to less than 0.30% and the industrial index below 0.40%, which meets the requirements of smelting. The test results are shown in Table 3. In addition, the use of selective collectors is also very important, such as the use of methyl thiourethane and ethyl xanthate mixed or butyl sulphate esters have a significant effect on the separation of copper and arsenic, such as the Xing'an League Lianhua copper mine, with lime and Sodium sulfite is used as an inhibitor, ethyl xanthate and methyl thiourethane are used as collectors to reduce the arsenic content of copper concentrate to less than 0.3%.
For polymetallic ore containing high arsenic and sulfur, comprehensive recovery of arsenic and sulfur should be considered. Since arsenic and sulfur are very similar, the separation of arsenic and sulfur is a key issue. Usually, arsenic and sulfur are mixed to obtain mixed concentrate, and oxidant is added or oxidized under near neutral medium. The arsenic mineral is inhibited before the sulfur is oxidized, or ammonium salt is added to the lime medium to realize arsenic and sulfur. Separation.
2.3 Eliminate the effects of sulfur
In the polymetallic ore dressing with high arsenic content, due to the large difference in sulfur floatability, the flotation behavior of sulfur is complicated. Under the preferential flotation conditions, a considerable part of sulfur is still floating, and the effect of eliminating sulfur is changed. The question of whether sulfur can be effectively separated from other various metal minerals in a practical sense. As far as the flotation process is concerned, according to the floatability characteristics of sulfur, the floatable processes such as preferential flotation, mixed flotation and (distribution) are more common in practice, but no matter which process is used, it will be encountered when further sorting. Separation of sulfur from other metals. Lime is a more effective inhibitor of sulfur. It is widely used. It can strengthen the inhibition of sulfur by increasing the amount of lime. However, excessive lime has a certain inhibitory effect on other metal minerals. The collector with strong collector ability is used. This contradiction can be resolved, that is, "strong pressure and strong pull." For example, the combination of lime, high alkalinity, sulfur, ethyl sulfide or Z-200 as a collector effectively achieves the separation of lead or copper from sulfur, such as the Huogeyu lead-zinc mine and the Houbuhe lead-zinc mine flotation. It is also effective to add lime during the separation of zinc or zinc-sulfur. Although the addition of copper sulfate activates part of the sulfur at the same time, the stability of the activated sulfur in the high alkalinity medium is worse than that of the sphalerite, and the low-grade yellow medicine is selected as the sphalerite. It is conducive to the smooth progress of zinc and sulfur separation. The test results are shown in Table 3. In addition, the appropriate increase in the number of selections is also beneficial to the separation of zinc and sulfur, and to some extent, the selection is a process of desulfurization. The disadvantage is that the high-calcium slurry medium adversely affects the recovery of associated precious metals and the activation of sulfur during sulfur selection. For mixed flotation or equal floatation processes, a large number of medium ore deposits are usually produced during separation or selection. The mineral components in this part are complex (mainly containing sulfur, and lead and zinc are also high). Easy to float and form a vicious circle, destroying the flotation process, usually need to be treated separately, further separating the residual useful minerals, and timely extracting the sulfur in the separation or selection circuit, can obviously improve the flotation process and indicators, At the same time, some sulfur concentrates are obtained.
2.4 Recycling of associated precious metals
Most of the colored polymetallic ores are associated with precious metals such as gold and silver. They are usually enriched in non-ferrous metal concentrates during ore dressing. However, high-calcium pulp medium inhibits certain gold when high-alkalinity is used to separate sulfur. Silver minerals are not conducive to the recovery of gold and silver. Pyrite organic inhibitor CTP [2] and pyrite new collectors K 201 and K 202 [3] successfully achieved copper-sulfur separation under low alkalinity conditions, enhanced gold and silver recovery, sulfur and lead The separation of zinc can be used for further study.
3 Conclusion
Inner Mongolia non-ferrous metal ore resources are abundant, most of them are complex in nature, and comprehensive recovery is difficult. This paper comprehensively studies various ore types and their beneficiation processes, analyzes and summarizes the main factors affecting the comprehensive recovery of polymetallics, and eliminates them in research and production practices. The corresponding measures taken by these unfavorable factors provide reference for the further development of the colored polymetallic ore in Inner Mongolia.
references
1 Hu Weibai. Flotation [M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 1983
2 Chen Jianhua, et al. Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. 1997, (4):
3 Huang Lihuang, Zhou Yuan.Study on Separation of Copper and Sulfur from Low Alkali Medium and New Process for Separation of Sulphur from Raw Pulp[J].Nonferrous Metals (Selection Part),1997,(2):1

PP Needle Punched Nonwoven Geotextile

PP staple fiber(pp fiber) needle punched geotextile is manufactured using short synthetic fabric (polypropylene fiber) as main materials. The product is formed after the processes of opening,combing, mixing and disordering,lapping and needling .

Pp Needle Punched Nonwoven Geotextile, Polypropylene Nonwoven Geotextile, Staple Fiber Needlepunched Nonwoven Geotextile

Feicheng Lianyi Engineering Plastics Co., Ltd , https://www.lianyigeosynthetics.com