With the growing awareness of environmental protection and the prevalence of low-carbon life concepts, as early as 10 years ago, foreign countries began to promote green publishing. In 2000, Greenpeace first launched a book project in Canada, calling for writers and publishers to use forest-friendly paper to print books. The so-called forest-friendly paper refers to recycled paper, paper certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), and straw pulp paper that meets pollution discharge standards.
Today, green publishing has formed a certain scale in European and American countries. The Green Press Initiative is best known as a non-profit organization whose main task is to promote environmental protection in the publishing industry. The overall goal of the association is to increase the average use of recycled paper from 5% to 30% by 2011, thereby reducing the environmental impact of the book industry. The U.S. Green Publications Initiative also called on publishers, printers, and other book institutions to participate in the initiative and use recycled paper to protect old and endangered forests. More than 100 publishers in Canada have promised to use only recycled paper or FSC-certified paper. Sixty percent of publishers in Britain have made the same promise. In Spain, 700,000 books are printed on recycled paper or FSC-certified paper. It is said that Harry Potter series books have witnessed a history of green publishing. In 2003, the fifth episode of Harry Potter was printed in Canada and used forest-friendly paper for the first time. By the sixth edition in 2005, nine countries had used forest-friendly paper. By the last edition in 2007, 23 countries around the world had used forest-friendly paper.
Overseas low-carbon green publishing has begun to take shape. First, there is a green publishing concept as a support. According to Tyson Miller, a spokesperson for the US Green Press Initiative Association, only publishers generally accept the concept of green publishing, and in particular, they are recognized by the CEO of a publishing company. Green publishing can really be promoted. As of June this year, although the U.S. Green Publications Initiative has not received the support of most mainstream publishers, more than 100 publishing companies have signed up to participate in green publishing initiatives. Chelsea Green was the first publishing house to participate in the green publishing initiative and began printing the "it's worth it" logo on all its books. This green publishing logo aims to make every reader aware that the cost of producing books from renewable paper is high and the price of books is also high, but it is worth paying for the protection of the environment. Simon & Schuster is a large publishing house participating in the green publishing program. The company has announced that it will “ensure the future use of recycled paper to print books with the determination to protect the environment and specific paper use policies.†Powell also participated in the initiative and is proud of it. It will work with other publishers participating in the initiative to protect endangered forests and use FSC-certified paper.
Foreign low-carbon green publishing has begun to take shape, but it also requires the protection of green publishing and printing technology. In the United States, Thompson-Shore was the first printer to join the Green Publications Initiative Association. It promised to protect the environment and be responsible for the proper use of natural resources. The person in charge of the company stated that as a printer, the use of paper is the core of the work. They will work with other companies participating in the agreement to protect ancient forests and their irreplaceable natural resources. The Thompson-City Printing Company plans to maximize the use of recycled paper in 3-5 years and phase out the paper produced from endangered forest timber. Their goal is to make publishers readily accept renewable paper. As a major printing country, the German Industry Association in early 2010 has adopted energy consumption measurement guidelines as the standard of the German Publishing Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Federation. Before applying for a new machine subsidy, the printing factory must ensure that the investment can improve the energy balance of the company. The British Federation of Printing Industry (BPIF) has launched a calculator that specifically calculates CO2 emissions for the printing and packaging industry. This calculator can estimate the carbon emissions of factories and products based on the PAS2050 and GHG (Greenhouse Gas) standards. At the UK International Printing Exhibition that closed shortly before, it seems that the “green printing†is increasingly high-profile. Whether it is Heidelberg, Manroland and other traditional printing companies, or OKI, Fuji Xerox and other digital printing companies, have played an environmental protection card, began to advocate green printing. As "green printing" is gradually put on the agenda, the printing industry has begun to look for new business opportunities from this concept. It is not difficult to see that various printing equipment suppliers place the concept of green printing in an increasingly important position in their strategic development. It seems that many foreign printers have tasted the sweetness from the green printing. This not only allows the printing companies to get rid of the Red Sea of ​​meager profit competition, but also allows the printing companies to enter the open blue ocean.
Low-carbon and green publishing has not only begun to take shape in European and American countries, but has also gradually gained recognition in India. On the streets of Mumbai, India, there is a street publishing house that has a reputation for its green publishing. The paper they use for publication is all used and recycled paper, including expired newspapers and magazines, paper boxes and postcards that are no longer used, and even many shopping tickets for supermarkets. According to the owner of the publishing house, all collected scrap paper must be sent to a recycling factory where it can be reprocessed and disposed so as to remove the pins, impurities, and the original colors from the used paper. The pulp that is extracted from the pulp is then reused. The publishing house also advocates that people use their own paper to produce books. In that case, the prices of books will be lower. Because this green publishing has great advantages in price, this publishing house has attracted many people who are in poor economic conditions but who are serious about publishing books, especially those who are very obsessed with literature and are keen to become writers. The Mumbai publisher is undoubtedly in line with the trend of the era of low carbon and green. It can achieve both low-carbon environmental protection and the desire to help people achieve a book.
It can slow down the reaction, maintain chemical balance, reduce surface tension, prevent light, thermal decomposition or oxidative decomposition. it mainly includes lead salts, metal soaps, organic tin, organic antimony, organic rare earths, pure organic compounds. Thermal stabilizers commonly used in industry mainly include lead salts, metal soaps, organic tin, organic antimony, organic rare earths, pure organic compounds, etc.
1.1 Organotin
(1) Excellent transparency The biggest advantage of organotin stabilizers is that they have excellent transparency. The use of organotin stabilizers in PVC formulations can produce crystalline products. Because of this, organic tin can be used in bottles, containers, corrugated boards, various types of rigid packaging containers, hoses, profiles, films, etc.
(2) Extraordinary thermal stability In terms of thermal stability, there is no other type of thermal stabilizer that can surpass it. Therefore, it is the preferred stabilizer for rigid PVC, and some varieties have better performance in soft products. Suitable for all PVC homopolymers, such as emulsion, suspension and bulk PVC, as well as vinyl chloride copolymers, graft polymers and polymer blends.
(3) The product is non-toxic. Most organotin stabilizers are non-toxic, and the migration of organotin stabilizers in rigid PVC is minimal. Therefore, organotin stabilizers are the preferred heat stabilizers for PVC for food contact.
(4) Good compatibility. Organotin stabilizers have good compatibility with PVC, so there is generally no precipitation on the metal surface, such as lead salt stabilizers and metal soap stabilizer systems.
(5) Poor lubricity Sulfur-containing tin stabilizers have poor self-lubricity. Therefore, many commercially available sulfur-containing organotins are equipped with lubricants to prevent hot melt from adhering to processing equipment during processing.
(6) High cost Compared with other types of stabilizers, the overall performance of organotin stabilizers is closer to the ideal stabilizer. However, all organotin stabilizers, regardless of their structure, have the main disadvantage that their manufacturing cost is much higher than that of lead stabilizers or metal soap compounds. In recent years, by adopting new synthetic technology, or reducing its usage in formulas, its formula cost has been reduced. In the 1970s, foreign countries developed low-priced tin products, which reduced the tin content, which also reduced the price to a certain extent.
1.2 Lead salt
(1) l Excellent stability experiments proved that among the commonly used basic lead salts, the heat resistance of sulfite is better than that of sulfate, and the heat resistance of sulfate is better than that of phosphite. The tribasic lead sulfate, which is widely used in the PVC industry, has a higher effective lead content and shows better thermal stability than other products.
(2) Excellent insulation. Because lead salt is non-ionic and non-conductive, it is inert, which makes lead salt stabilizers widely used in wire and cable industries.
(3) Excellent weather resistance. Many salt compounds can act as white pigments and can show strong covering power, so they have strong weather resistance.
(4) Poor transparency Transparency is a problem related to weather resistance. When used in wires, cables and record materials, there is no need to care about transparency, because most of these products are white or very dark black.
(5) Inexpensive lead salt stabilizer is the lowest price among all stabilizers. Therefore, despite the continuous introduction of new stabilizers, lead salt stabilizers still dominate the stabilizer market after half a century. The composite lead salt introduced to solve the dust and dispersion problem has increased in price, but still maintains a competitive advantage with other types of stabilizers.
(6) The toxicity of the toxic lead salt stabilizer limits its application in many occasions with strict hygiene requirements. For example, many countries have revised the lead content standards in drinking water, and it is no longer possible to use lead salt in PVC water pipes.
(7) Poor dispersibility The dispersibility of salt lead is poor, but the newly launched one-package product is equipped with lubricants, which solves the dispersibility problem to a certain extent. Because of the above characteristics of lead salt stabilizers, they are especially suitable for high-temperature processing. They are widely used in various opaque hard and soft products and cable materials, such as various pipes, plates, indoor and outdoor profiles, foam plastics, artificial leather, and wires. Cables, records, welding rods, etc. The most important lead salt stabilizers are tribasic lead sulfate, dibasic lead phosphite, and dibasic lead stearate.
1.3 Organic antimony
(1) Better stability. The organic antimony stabilizer has basically the same color stability and lower melt viscosity as organotin at the same temperature. In the twin-screw extrusion process, the effect is particularly outstanding when used in combination with calcium stearate. .
(2) The price of organic antimony stabilizer is much lower than that of methyl tin or butyl tin. In addition, the amount of organic antimony used is relatively low, so the use of organic antimony can achieve a better performance/price balance.
(3) The product is non-toxic. In the United States, when a twin-screw extruder is used to manufacture PVC pipes, the PVC water supply pipe manufactured with a formula composed of antimony stabilizers, calcium stearate and other lubricants conforms to the U.S. NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) )Regulation.
(4) Poor transparency and light stability. The transparency of organic antimony compounds is not as good as organotin stabilizers, and it is also lower than the barium/fu and calcium/zinc metal soap system. It is close to lead salts and has poor light stability, so antimony is stable. The agent is mostly used for indoor products without color requirements. The antimony stabilizer itself is also required to be stored in an opaque container.
(5) Poor lubricity. Antimony stabilizers have poor lubricity. Therefore, its use must be combined with a large amount of lubricant without exception.
1.4 Metal soap
(1) The tin soap stabilizer Fu soap is the best type of metal soap. Its advantages are also reflected in the absence of initial coloring, and can produce colorless and transparent products; excellent light stability; it has the effect of preventing precipitation and adhesion. . However, because tin salt is toxic, there are strict regulations on its manufacture and use in the Labor Safety and Health Law. In recent years, the use of Fuzao has shown a downward trend.
(2) Zinc soap stabilizerThe thermal stability of zinc-based stabilizer to PVC is extremely poor. The sample with zinc soap suddenly turns black when heated, that is, the so-called "Zine burning" phenomenon occurs, but it has the following advantages: The initial coloring is excellent; the effect of preventing fouling is good; it can improve the weather resistance; many zinc soaps are recognized as non-toxic stabilizers, so they can be used in non-toxic formulations with calcium soaps.
(3) Barium soap stabilizer Barium compounds have good thermal stability and good lubricity, but the red initial coloration occurs during processing, and it is easy to cause sticking to the roller.
(4) The stability of calcium soap stabilizer is poor, but it is recognized as a non-toxic additive in the world and has excellent lubricity.
(5) Other metal soap stabilizers used in the industry include magnesium stearate, file stearate, aluminum stearate, potassium stearate, etc., among which magnesium stearate is similar to calcium stearate and can be used Materials that are in contact with food; aluminum stearate is similar to zinc stearate, and is approved by the U.S. FDA and the Japanese Vinyl Chloride Food Hygiene Association for food packaging; Stearic Acid files and potassium stearate are also non-toxic products and belong to lead salts , Tin soap and barium soap substitute.
(6) The performance requirements of the composite metal soap stabilizer processing industry for stabilizers are various, and a single metal soap often cannot meet the use requirements, so the use of composite stabilizers has become a trend. A single metal soap compound is rarely used in the PVC industry, and it is usually a compound of several metal soaps. This compound is not a simple addition of properties, but takes advantage of the synergy between the components. The composite metal soap stabilizer generally includes the stabilizer main body (i.e. metal soap), solvent (organic solvent, plasticizer, liquid non-metal stabilizer, etc.), functional additives (auxiliary stabilizer, transparency modifier, light stabilizer, Lubricants, etc.). According to the form, it is divided into solid compound and liquid compound. According to the main component, it can be divided into calcium/zinc compound stabilizer, barium/fu compound stabilizer, barium/zinc compound stabilizer, etc. Among them, the calcium/zinc composite stabilizer has a pivotal role in replacing toxic metals because it is non-toxic.
1.5 Rare earth stabilizer
(1) Excellent thermal stability The thermal stability of rare earth stabilizers is better than traditional lead salt series and barium/zinc, barium/ho/zinc stabilizers. In some applications, rare earth stabilizers can partially or completely replace organotin.
(2) Good transparency. The refractive index of rare earth stabilizers is very close to that of PVC Resin, which can replace traditional organotin and be used in the field of products with higher transparency requirements.
(3) Excellent weather resistance. Rare earth elements can absorb 230-320nm ultraviolet light. Therefore, rare earth stabilizers have anti-photoaging effects and are suitable for outdoor products such as PVC corrugated boards and window materials.
(4) Excellent electrical insulation properties. Some rare earth multifunctional stabilizers can be used to replace lead salt stabilizers in cable material formulations, and their electrical insulation properties are comparable to lead salts.
(5) Non-toxic, safe and hygienic. Rare earth elements are low-toxic elements and have no toxic hazards to the human body in their production, processing, transportation and storage. Rare earth stabilizers are non-toxic products and can be used in food packaging and medical packaging products.
(6) The processing performance is slightly worse. In the case of a large amount of rare earth stabilizer, the roll release of the material is not ideal, and there is a tendency to press out. Generally, better results can be achieved by using stearic acid or calcium stearate in combination.
In summary, rare earth stabilizers can be used for water pipes, injection pipe fittings, window frame profiles, door panels, wire ducts, foam products, artificial leather, cable materials, soft and hard transparent products, food packaging materials, etc.
1.6 Auxiliary stabilizers Auxiliary stabilizers include phosphite, epoxy soybean oil, hindered phenols, etc., which mainly rely on the synergistic effect between metal stabilizers to improve the stabilizing effect, and are generally called co-stabilizers. In addition to compounds such as mesaminocrotonic acid ester, 2-phenyl saccharin, vein derivatives, and diketone can be used in combination with metal stabilizers to improve the effect of metal stabilizers, they also have a certain stabilizing effect. Such compounds are usually called pure organic stabilizers. With the development of PVC stabilizers today, the progress of metal stabilizers is relatively slow, and the research and development of auxiliary stabilizers are unprecedentedly active, which has constituted a major trend in the field of PvC stabilizers. Auxiliary stabilizers are rarely used alone, and are often used in conjunction with primary stabilizers to improve initial coloration or improve long-term stability.
Lead Salt Stabilizer, Compound Stabilizer,Pvc Stabilizer,Titanium Dioxide Anatase
Henan Shunbang Chemical Industry CO.,Ltd , https://www.sbpolymer.com