The application of magnetic grinding technology in our country is not yet popularized. The key to popularizing and applying this process lies in the research and development of practical machine tools (magnetic grinders). This paper describes the structure principle, technical parameters, and magnetic sensor design and calculation methods of a magnetic lapping machine (device) modified with a common lathe.

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1. Electrical device 2. Additional pad 3. Centripetal bearing 4. Flywheel 5. Bearing 6. Additional mandrel 7. Solenoid 8. Rear tip 9. Rear tailstock 10. Additional pad 11. Handwheel 12. Electromagnetic Induction 13. Drive Belt 14. Motor
Figure 1 Lathe modified magnetic grinder structure

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1. Base plate 2. Sliding base 3. Magnetic conductor 4. Solenoid coil 5. Pole head 8. Feed plate 9. Hand wheel 11. Screw
Figure 2 electromagnetic sensor structure

1 The structure of the lathe-modified magnetic grinder The structure of the magnetic grinder modified with the CA6140 lathe is shown in Fig. 1. The workpiece to be ground is fixed on the top and back tips 8 of the additional mandrel 6 . The additional mandrel 6 is mounted on the support 5 by means of a sliding bearing, one end of which is splined to the spindle of the machine tool and the other end to the top of the machine tool. The motor 14 mounted on the machine bed side can drive the workpiece for swinging movement by means of an additional mandrel, ie the motor transmits the movement to the radial bearing 3 with a certain amount of eccentricity via the transmission belt 13, and then transmits the movement to the additional mandrel. The flywheel 4; the restoring force of the oscillating movement is provided by the rear top spring. The electromagnetic sensor 12 is mounted on a horizontal slide. The two magnetic poles can move in synchronization with each other and can move on the guide rail along with the horizontal slide to achieve longitudinal feed during grinding. The electrical device 1 installed in the feed box position controls the power supply of the sensor solenoid 7 and the feed motion of the sensor. The longitudinal feed of the knife holder is driven by hydraulics. Since the center height of the magnetic sensor is usually higher than the center height of the spindle of the machine tool, the front center and rear tailstock 9 of the machine must be lifted in order to install additional pads 2 and 10 on the bed. During magnetic grinding, a magnetic field is generated by magnetic sensors mounted on the lathe tool holder and carries magnetic abrasive. The structure of the electromagnetic inductor is shown in FIG. 2. It consists of a base plate 1, a slider 2 with an L-shaped magnetic conductor 3, an electromagnetic coil 4, a magnetic pole tip 5, and the like. The tray 8 is used to collect the cooling liquid. The bottom plate is provided with a screw 11 with left and right threads. The carriage and base plate are made of non-magnetic material with good wear resistance. All components that make up the magnetic circuit should be made of magnetic materials with high magnetic permeability and saturation magnetic induction. When the coil of the electromagnetic inductor is energized, magnetic abrasive is scattered into the gap between the two pole heads. The magnetic abrasive forms a brush-like arrangement (abrasive brush) and presses the workpiece under the action of the magnetic field force. At this time, the workpiece can be started by rotating the workpiece spindle. Grinding. The electromagnetic sensor moves the workpiece along the axial direction of the workpiece with the horizontal slide, and the whole length of the workpiece can be ground. 2 Calculation of Magnetic Sensor Parameters Calculation of Magnetic Sensor Magnetic Potential Calculation

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Figure 3 magnetic conductor size of the magnetic circuit

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Figure 4 magnetic sensor rectangular coil size

Assume that the magnetic flux completely passes through the magnetic circuit cross section (without considering magnetic flux leakage), all air gap media are air, and the air gap at the joint is zero. The magnetic conductor size of the magnetic circuit is shown in Figure 3. Work clearance area S = mA = 8 × 230 = 1.84 × 10-3m2, where: pole head width A = 230mm, the pole head surrounded by the workpiece part of the chord length m = 8mm, the working gap is 2mm, the steel saturation magnetic induction B = 2T The magnetic flux of the working gap F=BS=2×1.84×10-3=3.68×10-3Wb. The dimensions of each part of the magnetic conductor are shown in Fig. 3: L1 = 25mm, L2 = 165mm, L3 = 190mm, L4 = 395mm; the sectional size of the magnetic conductor is 230mm × 30mm; the diameter of the workpiece is F11mm. The magnetic potential and the total magnetic potential of the magnetic circuit are calculated as follows: Magnetic field strength in the working gap: H0=B/μ=2/(4p×10-7)=0.1595×107A/M
The magnetic potential in the working gap: F0=2H0L0=2×0.1595×107×2×10-3=6400A Magnetic pole area: S=(m+30)A/2=4.37×10-3m2
Magnetic induction of pole head: B=F/S=3.68×10-3/4.37×10-3=0.84T
Magnet head magnetic field strength: H = 940A/m (detected from the magnetization curve of the steel)
The magnetic pole head magnetic potential: F1 = 2HL1 = 2 × 0.94 × 103 × 25 × 10-3 = 47A The remaining magnetic conductor cross-sectional area: S = 30 × 230 × 10-6 = 6.9 × 10-3m2
Magnetic induction of the remaining magnetic conductor: B=3.68×10-3/6.9×10-3=0.534T
The magnetic field strength of the remaining magnetic conductors: H = 680A/m (determined from the magnetization curve of the steel) The magnetic potentials of the magnetic conductors L2, L3, L4: F2, 3, 4 = 2HL2+2HL3 + 2HL4 = 683.4A The sectional area of ​​the workpiece : S=8×230×10-3m2 Magnetic induction of the workpiece: B=3.68/1.84=2T Magnetic field strength of the workpiece: H=50000A/m (found from the magnetization curve of 45 steel) The magnetic potential of the workpiece: F=50000 ×11×10-3=550A Total magnetic potential of all magnetic sections: F total = F0 + F1 + F2, 3, 4 + F = 7680A Calculated magnetic sensor coil After finding the magnetic potential of the magnetic circuit, calculate it. Magnetic sensor coil parameters. Calculate the wire diameter d Magnetic sensor rectangular coil size shown in Figure 4. The wire diameter d (mm) is calculated as d=0.2(rqINLP/pCU)1⁄2 (1) where: rq is the wire specific resistance at q°C, rq=0.016 (1+q/234.5); IN=F is Magnetic potential (A, ampere); LP is the average length of the coil (cm); C is the coefficient considering the voltage drop, C = 0.85. Take the voltage U=220V into the coil and rq=0.0196 when the coil temperature q=50°C. From Figure 4, the average coil length LP = 760mm can be calculated. From formula 1, the diameter of the wire can be calculated as d=0.88mm and rounded to 1mm. Calculate the number of turns of the coil N The number of turns of the inductor N is calculated as N=4fLe×102/pd2 (2) Where: L and e are the length and width (cm) of the coil, respectively; d is the diameter of the bare wire (mm) f is the fill factor, f = SK / dJ (dJ + ∆ / m), where: S is the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire, S = pd2/4 (mm2); ∆ for the thickness of the liner, take ∆ = 0.05mm; m lining The number of wire layers between the paper, m = 1; K is the coefficient, when the wire diameter d> 0.5, K = 1. Taking the diameter of the coated wire dJ=1.23mm, f=0.5 can be calculated. From equation (2), N = 3846 匝 can be calculated. The total number of turns of the two coils is 7692 匝. According to the need, the technical parameters such as the resistance of the magnetic sensor coil, the power consumption, the electromagnetic suction force, the copper consumption, and the temperature rise of the coil can also be calculated.

Storage Tank Water Heater

A storage tank water heater is water-heating container that uses a large tank to store hot water until it is needed. This type of water heater is typically powered heating steam or gas, and is used to provide hot water for a variety of uses, including showers, dishwashing, and laundry, or other hot water requests alike. The tank is typically insulated to help maintain the water temperature and reduce energy costs. Storage tank water heaters are a popular choice for many households because they are relatively inexpensive and can provide hot water for multiple uses.


Typical heat exchanger structure is heating spiral coil inside of a steel shell. Water will be heated while passing through inside the coil, and received the energy or heat from hot steam or gas.


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